Bipolar disorder, formerly known as manic depression, is one of several diseases known as mood disorders. Mania and depression, alone or in combination, are hallmarks of mood disorders. Crazy is characterized by a sense of excitement in which individuals have grand ideas, show unlimited energy, require little sleep, and show great confidence. In a state of madness, people's thoughts are fiercely competitive. They speak too fast and their judgment is very poor. Manics may spend too much money impulsively, commit sexual harassment, and alienate them because of their irritability and impatience. A palsy is a milder mania that is an excessive excitement but does not significantly damage an individual's life.
Depression can be characterized by many symptoms, including a sense of worthlessness, guilt and sadness. When a person feels depressed, life seems empty and unstoppable. Depressed individuals have difficulty concentrating, making decisions, lacking self-confidence, and not being able to enjoy previously enjoyable activities. Physical symptoms may include weight gain or loss, excessive or too little sleep, restlessness or lethargy. Depressed people may concentrate on death or suicide. They may think that they have committed unforgivable sins, and if they do not, they will be better.
Bipolar disorder is so named because people with bipolar disorder experience mania and depression, while patients with monophasic affection only experience an extreme emotion, usually depression. Bipolar disorder is divided into two types, bipolar I and bipolar II. In biphasic I, individuals experience mania and depression; in biphasic II, individuals experience mild mania and depression. Mania or hypomania is the key to diagnosing bipolar disorder. A person who has experienced a manic state or even once is considered to have bipolar disorder. The manic and depressed states may be immediately before or after each other, or may be separated by long time intervals, and the individual may have more than one episode of the other. Some people, known as fast circulators, will experience four or more episodes a year.
The onset age of bipolar disorder is younger than unipolar depression and usually begins in the teens or twenties, but rarely begins after the age of 40. In some cases, it was preceded by a disease called cyclothymia, which is a milder mood disorder with significant emotional and mood swings for at least two years. Bipolar disorder is a chronic condition, and even if treated, only half of the patients will experience no manic or depressive episodes for five years. People with bipolarity are at risk of suicide during depression, and because of impulsiveness and poor judgment, it is easier to have an accidental death during manic periods.
The cause of bipolar disorder is unclear, but may be determined by a variety of factors. Family and adoption studies have consistently demonstrated a genetic predisposition to emotional disorders. First-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder are more likely to experience bipolar depression, unipolar depression and anxiety than the general population. However, at this point, there is no clear evidence that specific genes are involved in the spread of bipolar disorder; on the contrary, it seems that family history increases susceptibility to several diseases.
Neurotransmitters in the brain have been extensively studied and are likely to involve bipolar disorder, but have not been understood in a complex and interactive manner. The relationship between neurotransmitters and hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and adrenal glands seems to be important. Others believe that bipolar disorder may be related to circadian rhythms, because some people with bipolar disorder are particularly sensitive to light and exhibit abnormalities in sleep patterns, such as entering REM sleep too fast, dreams are intense, and missed A deeper sleep.
A tense life event can lead to manic or depression, but it does not seem to be the main cause of bipolar disorder. Psychosocial factors, such as attribution style, learning helplessness, attitudes and interpersonal relationships, seem to be associated with bipolar disorder, but have not yet been identified as causes; they are often the result of this disease. Genetic susceptibility with stressful psychological and sociocultural events seems likely to lead to bipolar disorder.
The three main treatment modalities are most commonly used for bipolar disorder. Usually drugs are used, especially lithium. For reasons that are not fully understood, lithium reduces the frequency of seizures, and many people with bipolar disorder maintain lithium for a long time. Lithium levels must be carefully monitored by blood tests and may have side effects such as weight gain, lethargy and renal dysfunction. People with bipolar disorder may stop taking medication because of the side effects of the drug and because they miss the energy of the manic and manic state. Newer antidepressants that affect serotonin levels are often used, but some suspect that they may contribute to a faster cycle. Anti-epileptic drugs such as carbamazepine are also used.
A second treatment that is sometimes used is electroconvulsive therapy [ECT]. This method is only used in serious situations where uncontrolled behavior or threat of suicide makes it impossible to wait for two to three weeks for the drug to take effect. ECT is commonly used to treat people who do not respond to other forms of treatment, but it has side effects: short-lived memory transients and confusion immediately after treatment.
Psychotherapy is the third treatment. Although many psychotherapeutic approaches have been tried, cognitive therapy and interpersonal therapy are currently the most popular. Cognitive therapy focuses on identifying and correcting erroneous thinking and attribution styles so that clients can gain cognitive control of emotions. The focus of interpersonal therapy is to develop skills that identify and resolve conflicts in interpersonal relationships, often accompanied by bipolar disorder. Both psychotherapy are highly structured and short-term. Many people combine a combination of medication and psychotherapy to stabilize them and prevent recurrence.
In addition to addressing the underlying causes of bipolar disorder, psychotherapists also help people cope with many of the problems of this disease. One is the difficulty of life interruption caused by mania and depression. People may be too ill, unable to work or give birth, and may even be hospitalized. Another problem is to revoke or deal with misconduct performed during a state of arrogance, when an individual may spend money unscrupulously, making a grand promise or saying something inappropriate. The third common problem is dealing with negative reactions and distrust of family, friends and colleagues affected by extreme emotional fluctuations. Regular medication is a struggle for some people, and this kind of struggle is more complicated, because people in a state of mania or low mania will feel that they do not need medication. People with bipolar disorder deal with persistent anxiety that their feelings may be out of control. They often feel powerless, as if their disease is already under control and may take over at any time. Another question is why God allows people to experience such struggles. People with bipolar disorder need a therapist to help them control their emotions, identify them when they are too high or too low, manage relationships, cope with stress, and learn how to successfully accept and successfully treat bipolar emotions. obstacle.
Orignal From: Bipolar disorder in nutshell
No comments:
Post a Comment